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Habituation as an adaptive shift in response strategy mediated by neuropeptides. Download citation. Received : 09 March Revised : 12 July Accepted : 25 July Published : 18 August Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:.
Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. BMC Biology Advanced search. Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Genetics of the nervous system Habituation. Abstract Habituation is a non-associative form of learning characterized by a decremented response to repeated stimulation. Introduction Habituation is a form of non-associative learning characterized by a decremented response to repeated sensory input.
Results Responding to repeated ASH photoactivation requires GLR-1 We previously established a high-throughput habituation assay of the ASH avoidance circuit, such that repeated ASH photoactivation results in longer response latency and shorter duration reversals, with very little decrement in the probability of responding.
Full size image. Discussion Using detailed behavioral analysis during learning acquisition, we identified a suite of changes associated with habituation training. One may argue that the coherence threshold reflects the direction discrimination sensitivity at an unadapted state; training may alter the direction discrimination sensitivity at the adapted state McGovern et al.
Therefore, the decrease of nulling percentage we observed was unlikely to be caused by the variation of coherence discrimination at both the adapted and unadapted state. Since the shared retinal location did not suffice the transfer to the untrained condition, the attenuation of motion adaptation should not occur at a retinotopic level.
Considering the retinotopic reference frame of motion adaptation Knapen et al. In Experiment 2, we checked whether the transfer of attenuation of motion adaptation would be facilitated if the adapters were located at the same spatiotopic location.
Because the coherence discrimination sensitivity increased for both conditions but the reduction of MAE was only found in the trained condition, the attenuation of motion adaptation over training could not be simply explained by a result of improved coherence discrimination at the adapted state. All these results indicated that the attenuation of motion adaptation did not transfer at the same spatiotopic location.
In addition, the effect did not depend on coherence discrimination ability. Therefore, it should not be anchored at world-centered coordinates, either. In this experiment, participants adapted to the same motion direction at two different locations in pre- and posttest. This finding suggests that the attenuation of motion adaptation is direction selective. To provide an overview of the extent of transfer in different experiments, Figure 4 plotted the individual changes of nulling percentages in all the three experiments.
A negative value represents the decrease of nulling percentage after training; a positive value represents the increase. Figure 4. The differences between post- and pretraining MAE of three experiments. Filled circles represent the trained condition; open circles represent the untrained condition. Results from the same participant are connected by a dotted line. Black dots and bars represent the mean and standard error of mean of the differences in each condition.
Figure 4 The differences between post- and pretraining MAE of three experiments. Our study replicated the previous findings that motion adaptation attenuated after multiple days of training.
More importantly, the results indicated that the attenuation of motion adaptation could largely transfer to other retinal and spatial locations as long as the adapters shared the same motion direction with the trained adapter. Because the attenuation of motion adaptation is neither anchored in eye-centered retinotopic nor world-centered spatiotopic coordinates, it is substantially different from motion adaptation, which has been demonstrated to be retinotopic Knapen et al.
Besides the present findings, our previous work, which studied the changes of contrast adaptation and motion adaptation after multiple days of training, also disclosed three distinct characteristics of the training effect Dong et al.
First, the attenuation of contrast adaptation largely transferred to the untrained condition. Second, the immediate effects of contrast adaptation decreased over training, whereas the time for the adaptation effects to return to baseline remained constant. Third, the attenuation of motion adaptation was very long-lasting, staying robust after 2—3 months.
Instead, the phenomenon we observed should be a kind of relatively high-level learning. A likely candidate of this learning is habituation, which is referred to as response decrement as a result of repeated stimulation Rankin et al. According to the Stimulus-Model Comparator theory of habituation Sokolov, , the nervous system creates a model of the expected stimulus with repeated experience of a stimulus. Responses to the ensuing stimulus will be inhibited if the experienced stimulus matches the model.
The model usually does not represent the experienced stimulus well initially; thus, the inhibition is weak due to mismatching. With more repetitions, the stimulus model will be improved and represent the stimulus more precisely, leading to increased inhibition on the response.
Habituation can be retained for days or weeks and can transfer to other stimuli Maschke et al. These characteristics of habituation accord well with the properties of the training effects we observed Dong et al.
More evidence supporting this notion is from the analysis of contrast adaptation experiments Dong et al. We found that the immediate adaptation effect decreased as a function of training sessions, but the time required for the threshold to decay to baseline remained constant across different training sessions. Such a result pattern bears a striking resemblance to the manner in which adapting contrast modulates the time course of contrast adaptation Greenlee et al. Based on these clues, we speculated that the attenuation of adaptation over training might be a result of habituation to the adapter.
As training of adaptation proceeded, a stimulus model about the repeatedly presented adapter might gradually form in the brain, leading to increased inhibition to the neuronal activities in response to the adapter. As a result, the effective strength of the adapter reduced after training, which in turn caused weaker adaptation effect. Alternatively, the attenuation of adaptation could reflect a resistance to adaptation rather than the reduced neural responses to the adapter.
Note that the effects we measured were aftereffects. Thus, the effects do not necessarily reflect changes in the adapted states. It is possible that they correspond to the transition of the visual system to an adapted state. In other words, the effects might occur on the adaptation process. Future neural evidence is still needed to ascertain whether the attenuation of adaptation represents the habituation of the neural response to the adapter, the habituation of the adaptation process on the adapter, or both.
Given the characteristics of the transfer, the attenuation of motion adaptation likely reflects the plasticity of direction-selective neurons with large receptive fields. Which brain areas do those neurons reside in? Thus, these areas are more likely to be involved in the habituation of motion adaptation.
Nevertheless, neuroimaging methods are needed to further explore the underlying mechanisms. It should be noted that we cannot exclude the roles of other high-level functions in the present findings. For example, habituation effect may be based on memory. It is possible that participants remembered the features of the trained adapter during the training, especially the motion direction that is perhaps a predominant feature to form a model about the adapter in the brain.
As long as a new adapter matched the model in motion direction Sokolov, , the strength of the adapter would be weakened, leading to similar attenuation of the adaptation effects. Future work may test whether habituation of visual adaptation can occur without memory or not. Unlike other studies of perceptual learning affecting adaptation Haak et al.
Note that the current experimental design differs from theirs in several aspects. First, we used laboratory stimuli moving dots or gratings rather than natural scenes as the adapters. The natural scenes for adaptation in those studies are in close relation with the observer's ongoing activity. By contrast, the adapters in our experiments were task irrelevant, and should be ignored in strategy. This makes the neural system more likely to habituate to them. Second, we used a nulling task to estimate the magnitude of MAE, whereas the negative finding from McGovern et al.
Instead, in the nulling method, random moving dots are used, which are more similar to the adapter in McGovern et al. Thus, the nulling method may be more useful to examine such higher-level dynamic MAE. Empirically, the MAE duration might be a less sensitive index for measuring the MAE than the nulling percentage due to large variation across trials and individuals.
In our previous work, we also recorded the MAE duration on each training day. However, neither we Dong et al. Nevertheless, the MAE duration can be a more useful test when the effect size per se is sufficiently large e. The National Natural Science Foundation of China , , and supported this research.
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Spatial selectivity of contrast adaptation: Models and data. Vision Research , 24 7 , — Gilinsky, A. This phenomenon plays a role in many different areas from learning to perception.
Habituation is one of the simplest and most common forms of learning. It allows people to tune out non-essential stimuli and focus on the things that really demand attention. Habituation is something that happens regularly in your everyday life, yet you are probably largely unaware of it. For example, imagine that you are studying with the television playing in the background. The TV might be distracting at first, but habituation allows you to eventually tune out the noise and focus on what you are trying to learn.
Imagine that you are in your backyard when you hear a loud banging noise from your neighbor's yard. The unusual sound immediately draws your attention, and you wonder what is going on or what might be making the noise. Over the next few days, the banging noise continues at a regular and constant pace. Eventually, you just tune out the noise. It's not only sound that prompts us to become habituated. Other senses can also be affected by habituation. Another example would be spritzing on some perfume before you leave for work in the morning.
After a short period, you no longer notice the scent of your perfume , but others around you may notice the smell even after you've become unaware of it. There are also psychotherapy approaches that rely on habituation. In the treatment of phobias , for example, habituating people to the source of their fear is one way to help them overcome their phobia.
In exposure therapy , for example, people are progressively subjected to things that they fear. Habituation does not always occur in the same way and there are a number of factors that can influence how quickly you become habituated to a stimulus. Some of the key characteristics of habituation include:. Habituation is an example of non-associative learning , that is, there's no reward or punishment associated with the stimulus. You're not experiencing pain or pleasure as a result of that neighbor's banging noises.
So why do we experience habituation? There are a few different theories that seek to explain why habituation occurs:. Habituation is a concept often applied to perceptual phenomena, but it can also have a number of different real-world applications.
This can include social relationships. It can affect your relationships in a variety of ways:. While habituation can lead to the thrill of a new relationship wearing off over time, it is not necessarily a bad thing.
The initial passion that tends to mark the outset of a relationship typically gives way to something deeper and more lasting—a deeper, more meaningful love that is marked by friendship, support, and respect in addition to passion. Habituation in relationships can become problematic, however, when it leads to taking the other person for granted. Long-term relationships can often fall victim to this problem.
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